Spinal Tumors – Classification and Clinical Impact

This session provides a detailed understanding of spinal tumors, explaining them as abnormal growths arising either from the spinal structures themselves or spreading from distant organs through metastatic pathways. It classifies tumors into primary tumors, which originate in bone, nerve sheath, or meninges, and secondary (metastatic) tumors, which are far more common and usually arise from cancers such as lung, breast, prostate, kidney, or thyroid. The session explains the pathophysiological mechanism by which tumor growth leads to progressive vertebral destruction, collapse of spinal segments, and compression of the spinal cord or nerve roots, ultimately resulting in neurological impairment. Clinical presentation is discussed in depth, highlighting persistent and progressive back pain that is often worse at night, unexplained weight loss, localized tenderness, radicular pain, sensory disturbances, muscle weakness, and in advanced cases, paralysis or bowel-bladder dysfunction. The concept of “red flag symptoms” is emphasized to ensure early suspicion and urgent evaluation. Diagnostic evaluation is explained thoroughly, including the role of MRI with contrast as the most sensitive imaging modality for detecting soft tissue and cord involvement, along with CT scans for bony destruction and biopsy for definitive histopathological diagnosis. The session also discusses staging of tumors and treatment planning, which may include surgical decompression, stabilization procedures, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or palliative care depending on tumor type, location, and patient condition. The importance of a multidisciplinary oncology-spine team approach is strongly emphasized to improve survival and functional outcomes.

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